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Accounts of Gender in American Culture: An Anthropological Exploration of Contemporary Issues

Hugh Bell

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Published in Lesbian Mothers: Accounts Of Gender In American Culture (The Anthropology Of Contemporary Issues)

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Gender, as a social construct, has played a pivotal role in shaping the fabric of American culture. The meanings and experiences of gender have been constantly contested and redefined, reflecting the evolving social, political, and economic landscapes of the United States. Anthropological perspectives offer valuable insights into the ways in which gender is both formed and expressed within American society, allowing us to critically examine its impact on individuals and institutions.

Historical Perspectives on Gender in America

Gender roles in America have undergone significant transformations throughout history. During the colonial era, patriarchal norms prevailed, with women largely confined to domestic roles while men dominated public life. The 19th century witnessed the rise of the women's suffrage movement, challenging these traditional gender expectations. By the mid-20th century, the Civil Rights Movement and the feminist movement further propelled the reexamination of gender identities and roles.

Lesbian Mothers: Accounts of Gender in American Culture (The Anthropology of Contemporary Issues)

by Ellen Lewin

4.2 out of 5

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Today, gender in America remains a fluid and complex concept. While traditional gender norms continue to influence society, new gender identities and expressions have emerged, challenging binary understandings of gender. The transgender movement, for example, has brought increased visibility to gender non-conformity.

Anthropological Approaches to Gender

Anthropologists employ a holistic approach to understanding gender, examining its cultural, social, and symbolic dimensions. They study gender in various settings, including families, workplaces, educational institutions, and political arenas. Through participant observation, interviews, and archival research, anthropologists document the lived experiences of individuals as they navigate gendered expectations and identities.

Gender and Socialization

Socialization is a key process through which individuals learn and internalize gender norms. Anthropologists have explored the different ways in which children are socialized into gender roles, both overtly and subtly. This socialization occurs through interactions with parents, peers, teachers, and the media.

For example, in a study of a rural American community, anthropologist Peggy Reeves Sanday found that boys were encouraged to engage in competitive and aggressive behavior, while girls were socialized towards nurturing and cooperative roles. These gendered expectations were reinforced through toys, games, and activities.

Gender and the Workplace

Gender has a significant impact on the experiences of individuals in the workplace. Anthropologists have documented gender disparities in wages, promotions, and job opportunities. They have also examined the gendered division of labor, with women often concentrated in lower-paying and less prestigious occupations.

In a study of women working in a male-dominated industry, anthropologist Sharon Harley and colleagues found that these women faced challenges in gaining recognition and respect from their male peers. They had to adopt strategies such as downplaying their femininity and demonstrating competence to overcome the gender bias they encountered.

Gender and Politics

Gender is also a factor in the political sphere. Historically, women have been underrepresented in political leadership positions. Anthropologists have analyzed the barriers that women face in entering politics and the strategies they employ to overcome these challenges.

For example, anthropologist Ruth Mandel analyzed the political campaigns of female candidates running for office in the United States. She found that these candidates faced gendered stereotypes and expectations, which they had to navigate in order to present themselves as viable candidates.

Gender and Genderqueer Identities

In recent decades, anthropologists have increasingly focused on the experiences of genderqueer individuals, who identify outside of the binary categories of male and female. These individuals may identify as transgender, non-binary, or genderfluid.

Anthropologists have explored the social and cultural challenges faced by genderqueer people, as well as the resilience and creativity they demonstrate in affirming their identities. In a study of transgender youth in the United States, anthropologist Elizabeth Reis found that these youth often faced stigma and discrimination, but they also found support and community within transgender and LGBTQ+ organizations.

Gender is a dynamic and multifaceted concept that has profound implications for individuals and society as a whole. Anthropological research offers valuable insights into the ways in which gender is constructed, experienced, and contested in American culture. By examining gender through a holistic lens, anthropologists provide a deeper understanding of the social, political, and economic forces that shape our experiences of gender.

As American society continues to grapple with issues of gender equality and gender identity, anthropological perspectives will remain essential in informing our understanding of these complex and evolving phenomena. Through their research and analysis, anthropologists contribute to the creation of a more inclusive and just society for all genders.

Image Of A Group Of People Of Diverse Gender Expressions Holding Hands Lesbian Mothers: Accounts Of Gender In American Culture (The Anthropology Of Contemporary Issues)

References

* Harley, S. (2010). Women in the workplace: Gender segregation and career advancement. Routledge. * Mandel, R. (2009). Women in American politics: An anthropological perspective. University of California Press. * Reeves Sanday, P. (1996). Fraternity gang rape: Sex, brotherhood, and privilege on campus. New York University Press. * Reis, E. L. (2017). Bodies in doubt: Transgender youth and the transformation of identity. University of California Press.

Lesbian Mothers: Accounts of Gender in American Culture (The Anthropology of Contemporary Issues)

by Ellen Lewin

4.2 out of 5